Industry refers to the production of an economic good or service within an economy.

Industrial sectors

There are four key industrial economic sectors: the primary sector, largely raw material extraction industries such as mining and farming; the secondary sector, involving refining, construction, and manufacturing; the tertiary sector, which deals with services (such as law and medicine) and distribution of manufactured goods; and the quaternary sector, a relatively new type of knowledge industry focusing on technological research, design and development such as computer programming, and biochemistry. A fifth, ''quinary'', sector has been proposed encompassing nonprofit activities. The economy is also broadly separated into public sector and private sector, with industry generally categorized as private. Industries are also any business or manufacturing. Industries can be classified on the basis of raw materials,size and ownership.

Raw Materials: Industries may be agriculture based, Marine based, Mineral based, Forest based.

Size: It refers to the amount of capital invested, number of people employed and the volume of production.

Ownership: Industries can be classified into private sector, state owned or public sector, joint sector and co-operative sector

Industry in the sense of manufacturing became a key sector of production and labour in European and North American countries during the Industrial Revolution, which upset previous mercantile and feudal economies through many successive rapid advances in technology, such as the steel and coal production. It is aided by technological advances, and has continued to develop into new types and sectors to this day. Industrial countries then assumed a capitalist economic policy. Railroads and steam-powered ships began speedily establishing links with previously unreachable world markets, enabling private companies to develop to then-unheard of size and wealth. Following the Industrial Revolution, perhaps a third of the world's economic output is derived from manufacturing industries—more than agriculture's share.

Many developed countries and many developing/semi-developed countries (People's Republic of China, India etc.) depend significantly on industry. Industries, the countries they reside in, and the economies of those countries are interlinked in a complex web of interdependence.

Industry is divided into four sectors. They are:

!Sector	!Definition
Primary	This involves the extraction of resources directly from the Earth, this includes farming, mining and logging. They do not process the products at all. They send it off to factories to make a profit.
Secondary	This group is involved in the processing products from primary industries. This includes all factories—those that refine metals, produce furniture, or pack farm products such as meat.
Tertiary	This group is involved in the provision of services. They include teachers, managers and other service providers.
Quaternary	This group is involved in the research of science and technology. They include scientists.

As a country develops people move away from the primary sector to secondary and then to tertiary.

There are many other different kinds of industries, and often organized into different classes or sectors by a variety of industrial classifications.

Industry classification systems used by the government commonly divide industry into three sectors: agriculture, manufacturing, and services. The primary sector of industry is agriculture, mining and raw material extraction. The secondary sector of industry is manufacturing. The tertiary sector of industry is service production. Sometimes, one talks about a quaternary sector of industry, consisting of intellectual services such as research and development (R&D).

Market-based classification systems such as the Global Industry Classification Standard and the Industry Classification Benchmark are used in finance and market research. These classification systems commonly divide industries according to similar functions and markets and identify businesses producing related products.

Industries can also be identified by product: chemical industry, petroleum industry, automotive industry, electronic industry, meatpacking industry, hospitality industry, food industry, fish industry, software industry, paper industry, entertainment industry, semiconductor industry, cultural industry, poverty industry

labor-intensive industry - capital-intensive industry

light industry - heavy industry

Proto-industry

Industrial development

The industrial revolution led to the development of factories for large-scale production, with consequent changes in society. Originally the factories were steam-powered, but later transitioned to electricity once an electrical grid was developed. The mechanized assembly line was introduced to assemble parts in a repeatable fashion, with individual workers performing specific steps during the process. This led to significant increases in efficiency, lowering the cost of the end process. Later automation was increasingly used to replace human operators. This process has accelerated with the development of the computer and the robot.

Declining industries

Historically certain manufacturing industries have gone into a decline due to various economic factors, including the development of replacement technology or the loss of competitive advantage. An example of the former is the decline in carriage manufacturing when the automobile was mass-produced.

A recent trend has been the migration of prosperous, industrialized nations toward a post-industrial society. This is manifested by an increase in the service sector at the expense of manufacturing, and the development of an information-based economy, the so-called informational revolution. In a post-industrial society, manufacturing is relocated to economically more favourable locations through a process of off-shoring.

The major difficulty for people looking to measure manufacturing industries outputs and economic effect is finding a measurement which is stable historically. Traditionally, success has been measured in the number of jobs created. The lowering of employee numbers in the manufacturing sector has been assumed to be caused by a decline in the competitiveness of the sector. The truth however is that it has been caused by the introduction of the lean manufacturing process. Eventually, this will lead to competing product lines being managed by one of two people, as is already the case in the cigarette manufacturing industry.

Related to this change is the upgrading of the quality of the produce being manufactured. While it is easy to produce a low tech, low skill product, the ability to manufacture high quality products is limited to companies with a high skilled staff.

Society

An industrial society can be defined in many ways. Today, industry is an important part of most societies and nations. A government must have some kind of industrial policy, regulating industrial placement, industrial pollution, financing and industrial labor.

Industrial labour

In an industrial society, industry employs a major part of the population. This occurs typically in the manufacturing sector. A labor union is an organization of workers who have banded together to achieve common goals in key areas such as wages, hours, and working conditions. The trade union, through its leadership, bargains with the employer on behalf of union members (rank and file members) and negotiates labor contracts with employers. This movement first rose among industrial workers.

War

The industrial revolution changed warfare, with mass-produced weaponry and supplies, machine-powered transportation, mobilization, the total war concept and weapons of mass destruction. Early instances of industrial warfare were the Crimean War and the American Civil War, but its full potential showed during the world wars. See also military-industrial complex, arms industry, military industry and modern warfare.

ISIC

ISIC (Rev.4) stands for International Standard Industrial Classification of all economic activities, the most complete and systematic industrial classification made by United Nations Statistics Division.

ISIC Rev.4 is a standard classification of economic activities arranged so that entities can be classified according to the activity they carry out. The categories of ISIC at the most detailed level (classes) are delineated according to what is, in most countries, the customary combination of activities described in statistical units, and considers the relative importance of the activities included in these classes.

While ISIC Rev.4 continues to use criteria such as input, output and use of the products produced, more emphasis has been given to the character of the production process in defining and delineating ISIC classes.

List of countries by industrial output

+Industrial output in 2010 (Nominal)	! Rank	! Country	! Output in billions of US$
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+Industrial output in 2010 (PPP)	! Rank	! Country	! Output in billions of US$
	style="text-align:left;"

See also

North American Industry Classification System

North American Product Classification System

Standard Industrial Classification

Industry information

References

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name	Timothy D. Cook
birth date
birth place	Robertsdale, Alabama
occupation	CEO, Apple Inc.
alma mater	Auburn University (B.S.)Duke University (M.B.A.)
url	}}

Timothy D. "Tim" Cook (born November 1, 1960) is the chief executive officer of Apple Inc., having joined the company in March 1998. He was named CEO after Steve Jobs announced his resignation on August 24, 2011.

Early life

Cook grew up in Robertsdale, Alabama, near Mobile. His father was a shipyard worker, while his mother was a homemaker. Cook graduated from high school at Robertsdale High School, earned a B.S. degree in industrial engineering from Auburn University in 1982, and his M.B.A. from Duke University's Fuqua School of Business in 1988.

Career

Cook spent six months at Compaq as VP for Corporate Materials before he was hired by Steve Jobs to join Apple. He initially served as Senior Vice President for Worldwide Operations. Prior to that, Cook served as the chief operating officer (COO) of the computer reseller division of Intelligent Electronics and spent 12 years in IBM's personal computer business as the director of North American Fulfillment.

Cook is credited with pulling Apple out of manufacturing by closing factories and warehouses around the world. This helped the company reduce inventory levels and streamline its supply chain, dramatically increasing margins. In January 2007, Cook was promoted to COO.

Cook served as Apple CEO for two months in 2004, when Jobs was recovering from pancreatic cancer surgery. In 2009, Cook again served as Apple CEO for several months while Jobs took a leave of absence for a liver transplant.

In January 2011, Apple's Board of Directors approved a third medical leave of absence requested by Jobs. During that time, Cook was responsible for most of Apple’s day-to-day operations while Jobs made most major decisions. Following the resignation of Jobs, Cook was made CEO of Apple Inc. on August 24, 2011.

Cook also serves on the Board of directors of Nike.

Personal

Cook is a fitness enthusiast and enjoys hiking, cycling, and going to the gym. He regularly begins sending emails at 4:30 am and used to hold Sunday night staff meetings by telephone to prepare for the next week.

While giving the 2010 commencement speech at Auburn University, Cook emphasized the importance of intuition in guiding his life's biggest choices, and followed by stating that preparation and hard work are also necessary to execute on that intuition.

References

External links

Executive Biography of Tim Cook at Apple

Category:1960 births Category:Apple Inc. executives Category:Auburn University alumni Category:Fuqua School of Business alumni Category:Living people Category:People from Baldwin County, Alabama

ar:تيم كوك cs:Tim Cook de:Tim Cook es:Tim Cook fa:تیم کوک fr:Tim Cook ko:팀 쿡 id:Tim Cook it:Tim Cook he:טים קוק hu:Tim Cook nl:Tim Cook ja:ティム・クック no:Tim Cook pt:Tim Cook ro:Tim Cook ru:Кук, Тим sk:Tim Cook fi:Tim Cook sv:Tim Cook th:ทิม คุก tr:Tim Cook uk:Тім Кук vi:Tim Cook zh-yue:添曲 zh:提姆·庫克

birth name	Solomon Krakovsky
birth date	February 24, 1922
birth place	Seattle, Washington, U.S.
occupation	actor
spouse	Selma Stern (1951–1964); Rachel (1967-present)
awards	}}

Steven Hill (born February 24, 1922) is an American film and television actor. His two better-known roles are District Attorney Adam Schiff on the NBC TV drama series ''Law & Order'', whom he portrayed for ten seasons (1990–2000), and Dan Briggs, the original team leader of the Impossible Missions Force on CBS's television series ''Mission: Impossible'', whom he portrayed only in the initial season of the show (1966–1967).

Early life and career

Hill was born Solomon Krakovsky in Seattle, Washington. After serving four years in the Naval Reserve, Hill made his first New York stage appearance in Ben Hecht's ''A Flag Is Born'' in 1946, which also featured a young Marlon Brando. Hill says his big break came when he landed a small part in the hit Broadway show ''Mister Roberts''. "The director, Joshua Logan, thought I had some ability, and he let me create one of the scenes," says Hill. "So, I improvised dialog and it went in the show. That was my first endorsement. It gave me tremendous encouragement to stay in the business." Hill said this was a thrilling time in his life when, fresh out of the service, he played the hapless sailor Stefanowski. "You could almost smell it from the very first reading that took place; this is going to be an overwhelming hit," said Hill. "We all felt it and experienced it and were convinced of it, and we were riding the crest of a wave from the very first day of rehearsals."

In 1947, Hill became a founding member of Lee Strasberg's Actors Studio alongside such other actors as Marlon Brando, Montgomery Clift, and Julie Harris.

Hill made his film debut in 1950 in ''Lady Without a Passport''. He then re-enlisted in the Navy in 1952 for two years and, when he completed his service, resumed his acting in earnest. Strasberg later said, "Steven Hill is considered one of the finest actors America has ever produced". When he was starting out as an actor, Hill sought out roles that had a social purpose. "Later, I learned that show business is about entertaining," he says. "So, I've had to reconcile my idealistic feelings with reality".

Hill was particularly busy in the so-called "Golden Age" of live TV drama, appearing in such prestigious video offerings as ''The Trial of Sacco and Vanzetti'' in 1960 earning him an Emmy nomination for his portrayal of Bartolomeo Vanzetti. "When I first became an actor, there were two young actors in New York: Marlon Brando and Steven Hill," said Martin Landau. "A lot of people said that Steven would have been the one, not Marlon. He was legendary. Nuts, volatile, mad, and his work was exciting".

In 1961, Hill had an unusual experience when he appeared as Sigmund Freud on Broadway in Henry Denker's ''A Far Country'', portraying Freud at the age of 35. On April 12, 1961, Hill was stricken with a virus the night of a sold-out performance for the Masters Children's Center of Dobbs Ferry. As a result, the producers decided to cancel the performance just as the curtain was about to go up. Among the notables in the audience were Joseph P. Kennedy, Jack Benny, and Richard Rodgers. The audience was invited to exchange its ticket stubs for other performances. The understudy was not ready to replace Hill, so Alfred Ryder, the play's director, stepped into the role of Freud for one performance. 1966 The Fugitive

Hill's early screen credits include ''The Goddess'' and ''A Child Is Waiting''.

''Mission: Impossible''

Hill was the original leader of the Impossible Missions Force, Dan Briggs in the series ''Mission: Impossible'' beginning in 1966. The phrase "Good morning, Mr. Briggs..." was a fixture early in each episode as it began a tape recording he retrieved which detailed the task he must accomplish, however he left the show in 1967 after the end of the first season. As one of the few Orthodox Jewish actors working in Hollywood, he made it clear in advance of production that he was not able to work on the Sabbath (i.e., sundown Friday to dusk Saturday), and that he would be leaving the set every Friday before sundown. However, despite Hill's advance warnings, the show's producers were unprepared for his rigid adherence to the Sabbath, and on at least one occasion Hill left the set while an episode was still in the midst of filming.

According to Desilu executive Herb Solow, once William Shatner burst into his office, claiming "Steve asked me how many Jews worked on ''Star Trek''. He was recruiting a prayer group of ten guys to worship together on top of the studio's highest building and only had six Jews as far from ''Mission''. He asked if I would come and bring Nimoy and Justman and you."

Hill was briefly suspended from the show near the end of the season, during the production of episode no. 23 (entitled ''Action!''). The suspension was imposed after he refused to climb the rafters via a soundstage staircase, as was called for in the script. (This incident was unrelated to any religious observances of Hill's.) Consequently, Hill was written out of that episode, and when he returned to ''Mission: Impossible'' for the five remaining episodes of the season, his role was severely reduced. Hill was not asked to return for season 2, and was replaced as the show's star by Peter Graves.

Hiatus and return to acting

After appearing in ''Mission: Impossible,'' Hill did no acting work for the following ten years. Hill had what he calls "tremendous periods of unemployment" in his career. "What we have here is a story of profound instability and impermanence," he said of his own career. "This is what you learn at the beginning in show business; then it gets planted in you forever". Hill left acting in 1967 and moved to a Jewish community in Rockland County, New York where he worked in writing and real estate. Patrick J. White, in ''The Complete "Mission: Impossible" Dossier,'' quoted Hill as having said later, "I don't think an actor should act every single day. I don't think it's good for the so-called creative process. You must have periods when you leave the land fallow, let it revitalize itself." After ten years, he was ready to begin acting again. "They say you can't quit show business," he said in 1977. "It took ten years, but I couldn't get it out of my system. So I called an agent and put him to work."

Hill returned to work in the 1980s and 1990s, playing parental and authority-figure roles in such films as ''Yentl'' (1983), ''Garbo Talks'' (1984), Neil Simon's ''Brighton Beach Memoirs'', ''Heartburn'' (1986), and ''Billy Bathgate'' (1991). Hill also appeared as a mob kingpin in ''Raw Deal'' (1986), an action vehicle for Arnold Schwarzenegger.

''Law & Order''

Hill is best known as Adam Schiff in the NBC TV drama series ''Law & Order'', a part that he played for ten seasons (1990–2000). Hill's character is loosely modeled after the real former district attorney of New York, Robert Morgenthau and it is reported that Morgenthau was a fan of the character. Hill says playing Adam Schiff is the hardest role he's ever had because of all the legal jargon he has to learn. "It's like acting in a second language," says Hill. Hill adds that he agrees with the show's philosophy. "There's a certain positive statement in this show," Hill says. "So much is negative today. The positive must be stated to rescue us from pandemonium. To me it lies in that principle: law and order." Hill earned another Emmy nomination for Best Supporting Actor In a Dramatic Series in 1997. At the time of his departure, Hill was the longest-serving cast member. Along with ''Law & Order'' castmate Sam Waterston, Hill has also appeared in commercials for T.D. Waterhouse, an investment brokerage.

Personal life

Hill and his first wife, Selma Stern, were married in 1951 and had four children before divorcing in 1964. Hill married his second wife, Rachel, in 1967 and they have five children.

His Orthodox Judaism

Appearing in the play ''A Far Country'' in 1961 had a profound effect on Hill's later life. In one scene, a patient screams at Freud, "You are a Jew!" This caused Hill to think about his religion. "In the pause that followed I would think, 'What about this?' I slowly became aware that there was something more profound going on in the world than just plays and movies and TV shows. I was provoked to explore my religion." He was inspired by Rabbi Yakov Yosef Twersky (1900–1968), the late Skverrer Rebbe, to adhere to strict Orthodox Judaism, observing a kosher diet, praying three times a day, wearing a four-cornered fringed garment beneath his clothes, and strictly observing Shabbat. This made Hill unavailable for Friday night or Saturday matinee performances, effectively ending his stage career and closing many roles to him in the movies, most notably ''The Sand Pebbles.''

References

External links

Category:1922 births Category:Living people Category:Actors Studio alumni Category:American film actors Category:American Orthodox Jews Category:American stage actors Category:American television actors Category:Baalei teshuva Category:Jewish actors Category:People from Seattle, Washington Category:United States Navy sailors Category:Actors from Washington (state)

de:Steven Hill es:Steven Hill fr:Steven Hill nl:Steven Hill ja:スティーヴン・ヒル pt:Steven Hill simple:Steven Hill

:''For other uses see Plastic (disambiguation) and Plastics (disambiguation)''

name	Plastics
background	group_or_band
origin	Tokyo, Japan
genre	New Wave, Post-punk, Synthpop
years active	1976–1981 1989 2010
label	Rough Trade Invitation Island (UK) Victor Musical Industries, Inc
associated acts	Melon Tycoon Tosh Group of Gods Love T.K.O Major Force Skylab Hajime Tachibana & the Low Powers
past members	Chica Sato Toshio Nakanishi Hajime Tachibana Masahide Sakuma Takemi Shima Gota Yashiki }}

Plastics—or, alternately, The Plastics—were a short-lived Japanese new wave music group prominent in the late 1970s and early 1980s. Their music was a major influence on Japanese pop music and their songs have been covered by many bands, most notably Polysics and Pizzicato Five.

Perhaps their greatest exposure came from their appearance on the late night comedy show SCTV on NBC performing "Top Secret Man".

Biography

The bands Talking Heads, The B-52's and Devo were all big fans of Plastics and were instrumental in getting their albums released in the United States. Their mainstream exposure began when Toshio Nakanishi designed a tour program book for Talking Heads and slipped David Byrne a tape of Plastics demos. Byrne promptly sent it to the B-52's' manager who offered to represent them internationally.

Lineup

Chica Sato - vocal

Toshio Nakanishi - vocal, guitar & percussion

Hajime Tachibana - guitar & vocal

Masahide Sakuma - keyboards, guitar & bass programming

Takemi Shima - rhythm box

Discography

Albums

''Welcome Plastics'' (1979) Originally came with a 7" flexi disc of their version of the Monkees hit "Last Train to Clarksville."

''Origato Plastico'' (1980)

''Welcome Back'' (1981) Re-recorded versions. Also known as ''Plastics''.

''Forever Plastico'' (1988) Contains ''Welcome Plastics'' and selected tracks from ''Origato Plastico.''

''All Across the USA 80 Live'' (1997) Recorded at Irving Plaza, New York, Aug 30th 1980 and Whisky A Go Go, Los Angeles, April 23, 1980.

''Origato25'' (2005) 2-disc greatest hits with 4 rare/new tracks

Singles

"Copy" / "Robot" (1979) Early recordings.

"Top Secret Man" / "Delicious" (1980)

"Good" / "Pate" (1980) Non-album b-side.

"Peace" / "Desolate" (1980)

"Diamond Head" / "Peace" (1981) Flexi-disc promo. Re-recorded versions.

"Pate" / "Last Train to Clarksville" (1981) Flexi-disc. Re-recorded versions.

"Last Train to Clarksville" (1981) One-sided limited edition. Re-recorded version.

EPs

"Diamond Head (Long Version)" / "Robot" / "Top Secret Man" / "Peace (1981)" 12" promo featuring re-recorded versions.

Compilation Appearances

''Downtown '81 Soundtrack'' (2001) Track: "Copy" (early single version).

''Techno Pop'' (2004) Track: "Pate," b-side of "Good" 7" single (1980).

Notes

"Last Train to Clarksville" is a remake of the Boyce and Hart penned song recorded by The Monkees.

The Plastics also did live versions of "Last Train to Clarksville", "Star Collector" and "She" as a Monkees medley.*Youtube

External links

Discography with notes by Nicholas D. Kent

Band overview

Trouser Press bio

MySpace Profile

Category:Japanese New Wave musical groups

ja:プラスチックス